Scientists have revealed that honey has powerful anti-bacterial
properties on at least sixty species of bacteria, and unlike
antibiotics, which are often useless against certain types of bacteria,
honey is non-toxic and has strong effects.
[6]
The composition of honey includes sugars such as
glucose and
fructose and also minerals such as
magnesium,
potassium,
calcium,
sodium chlorine,
sulphur,
iron and
phosphate. Depending on the quality of the nectar and pollen, the vitamins contained in honey are B1, B2, C, B6, B5 and B3.
[12]
The
pH of honey is commonly between 3.2 and 4.5.
[13] This relatively acidic pH level prevents the growth of many bacteria. The non-peroxide antibiotic activity is due to
methylglyoxal
(MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain
very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The
presence of the synergist in manuka honey more than doubles MGO
antibacterial activity.
[14] Honey is primarily a saturated mixture of two
monosaccharides. This mixture has a low
water activity.
Most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few
remain available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for
their growth. If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water
activity, and therefore, no longer possesses this antimicrobial
property.
Hydrogen peroxide is formed in a slow-release manner by the enzyme
glucose oxidase
present in honey. It becomes active only when honey is diluted,
requires oxygen to be available for the reaction, thus it may not work
under wound dressings, in wound cavities or in the gut. It is active
only when the acidity of honey is neutralised by body fluids, it can be
destroyed by the protein-digesting enzymes present in wound fluids, and
is destroyed when honey is exposed to heat and light.
[14] Honey
chelates and deactivates free iron, which would otherwise catalyse the formation of oxygen
free radicals
from hydrogen peroxide, leading to inflammation. Also, the antioxidant
constituents in honey help clean up oxygen free radicals.
[15]
- C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 → C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction)
When honey is used topically, as, for example, a wound dressing,
hydrogen peroxide is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids.
As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an
antiseptic.
Benefits
The benefits of honey have been extolled since ancient times by many
religious faiths and recorded in ancient scriptures. They can be
categorised as nutritional or medicinal.
[2]
Nutritional
Honey contains invert sugar that has the quality of providing instant
energy when consumed. It is also a heart stimulant and a useful food
supplement. As a food beverage, it was widely used from the times of
"the Bible (both the
Old and
New Testaments), the
Talmud, the Quran, the sacred books of India, China,
Persia and Egypt." In the Bible, Salomon advocates "My son, eat thou honey, for it is good." According to the Bible,
Jonathan, the son of
Saul,
"had his eyes enlightened with the aid of honey, after which he had a
better understanding of the people than his father had. While Jonathan
was passing through the woods during the war against the
Philistines,
he found honey dripping on the ground; he plunged his spear into it,
and ate enough to restore his lost strength. He was, however, sentenced
to death because he ate honey on a day of
abstinence".
[2]
Medicinal
Medicinal benefits are broadly categorised under the following headings.
- Wounds
Topical honey has been used successfully in a treatment of
diabetic ulcers when the patient cannot use topical antibiotics.
[16]
A review in the Cochrane Library suggests that honey could reduce the
time it takes for a burn to heal – up to four days sooner in some cases.
The review included 19 studies with 2,554 participants. Although the
honey treatment healed moderate burns faster than traditional dressings
did, the author recommends viewing the findings with caution, since a
single researcher performed all of the burn studies.
[17] One New Zealand researcher says a particular type of honey (Manuka honey) may be useful in treating MRSA infections.
[18] Antibacterial properties of honey are the result of the low
water activity causing osmosis,
hydrogen peroxide effect,
[19] high acidity,
[13] and the antibacterial activity of
methylglyoxal.
[14]
Some studies suggest that the topical use of honey may reduce odours,
swelling, and scarring when used to treat wounds; it may also prevent
the dressing from sticking to the healing wound.
[13]
Wound gels that contain antibacterial raw honey and have regulatory
approval for wound care are now available to help medicine in the battle
against drug resistant strains of bacteria
MRSA. As an antimicrobial agent honey may have the potential for treating a variety of ailments.
[11]
- Allergies
It is also stated to cure some allergies, particularly localized
honey to an area could help minimize seasonal allergies as bees feed on
pollen from local plants which eventually finds its way to form honey.
[12]
Its use for centuries is as a treatment for sore throats and coughs,
and according to recent research, may in fact be as effective as many
common
cough medicines.
[20]
Unfiltered, pasteurised honey is widely believed to alleviate
allergies, though neither commercially filtered nor raw honey was shown
to be more effective than
placebo in a controlled study of 36 participants with
ocular allergies.
[21]
Nearly 1 in 3 of the volunteers dropped out of the study because they
could not tolerate eating one tablespoon of honey every day due to the
overly sweet taste.
[22]
The official conclusion: "This study does not confirm the widely held
belief that honey relieves the symptoms of allergic
rhinoconjunctivitis." A more recent study has shown pollen collected by
bees to exert an anti allergenic effect, mediated by an inhibition of
IgE immunoglobulin binding to
mast cells. This inhibited mast cell degranulation and thus reduced allergic reaction.
[23] The risk of experiencing
anaphylaxis as an immune system reaction may outweigh any potential allergy relief.
[22]
- Other ailments
Antioxidants in honey have even been implicated in reducing damage to the colon in
colitis in a study involving administering honey
enemas to rats.
[24] Honey appears to be effective in killing drug-resistant
biofilms which are implicated in chronic
rhinosinusitis.
[25] In 2005, researchers at
Purdue University revealed that honey was a catalyst to calcium absorption in animals.
[26]
- Conditioning
Honey is used for skin conditioning using a moisturizing mask and can reduce facial redness and
acne. It is also used for conditioning of hair. It is often mixed with
olive oil or
castor oil for both purposes.
[12]
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org